[195] In 1950, Nigeria had only 33 million people. In September 2001, over 2,000 people were killed in inter-religious rioting in Jos. Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English as the official language is widely used for education, business transactions and for official purposes. – Britannica Online Encyclopedia", "Young Nigerians are connecting with Pentecostal churches. As the British approached the city of Sokoto, the new Sultan Muhammadu Attahiru I organized a quick defense of the city and fought the advancing British-led forces. These were cancelled due to fraud and subsequent primaries scheduled for September also were cancelled. [55] Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. Others left the country entirely for jobs at universities in the West. [120], In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Nigeria, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region. [53] The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) became one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. [citation needed] Abacha dissolved all democratic institutions and replaced elected governors with military officers. ... ignore name meanings: ... Means "God knows" in Igbo, a variant of CHIMA using Chukwu as the first element, which is the extended form of Chi meaning "God". On October 1, 1979, Shehu Shagari was sworn in as the first President and Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. ), 134,326 kilometres are unpaved roads of city, town and village roads. Next to petrodollars, the second-biggest source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria are remittances sent home by Nigerians living abroad.[152]. Some of these vegetations include, Euphorbiaceae, that serve purposed to aid malaria, gastrointestinal disorders and many other infections. The restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reforms have successfully put Nigeria back on track towards achieving its full economic potential. [43] The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity. - Offers a view of one of the main sources of income for the country. [176] Nigeria also has a few electronic manufacturers like Zinox, the first branded Nigerian computer, and manufacturers of electronic gadgets such as tablet PCs. This is illustrated by the fact that Chinese exports account for around 80 percent of total bilateral trade volumes. The Federation of Nigeria was granted full independence on 1 October 1960 under a constitution that provided for a parliamentary government and a substantial measure of self-government for the country's three regions. Despite the low turnout, there was no violence and both parties demonstrated strength in all regions of the country, with the SDP winning control of a majority of local government councils. [35] Eri's origins are unclear, though he has been described as a "sky being" sent by Chukwu (God). Rainfall is more limited, to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria accumulated a significant foreign debt to finance major infrastructural investments. The northern region of the country, consisting of three-quarters of the land area and more than half the population of Nigeria. Evidence of iron smelting has also been excavated at sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria in what is now Igboland: dating to 2,000 BC at the site of Lejja (Uzomaka 2009)[23][24] and to 750 BC and at the site of Opi (Holl 2009). [183] On 10 November 2008 (0900 GMT), the satellite was reportedly switched off for analysis and to avoid a possible collision with other satellites. After the 1970s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so it would reach every subregion of Nigeria. Many ex-slaves came to Nigeria following the emancipation of slaves in the Americas. [56] Federal Government Prime Minister Balewa declared martial law in the Western Region and arrested Awolowo and other members of his faction charged them with treason. [207], Nigeria is a religiously diverse society, with Islam and Christianity being the most widely professed religions. This caused controversy ECOWAS, citing France Co-opting African Unity and if ratified, would lead to a loss of sovereignty. From the outset, Nigeria's ethnic and religious tensions were magnified by the disparities in economic and educational development between the south and the north. A changing legal imperative (transatlantic slave trade outlawed by Britain in 1807) and economic imperative (a desire for political and social stability) led most European powers to support the widespread cultivation of agricultural products, such as the palm, for use in European industry. The earliest iron technology in West Africa has also been found to be contemporary with or predate that of the Nile valley and North Africa, and some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy was likely developed independently in sub-Saharan West Africa.[25][24]. It has reached lower-middle-income status according to the World Bank,[148] with its abundant supply of natural resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, transport sectors and stock exchange (the Nigerian Stock Exchange), which is the second-largest in Africa. ); terracotta; Musée du quai Branly. The education system is divided into Kindergarten, primary education, secondary education and tertiary education. The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. [189], The United Nations estimates that the population in 2018 was at 195,874,685[191][192], distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre. On 1 October 1995 Abacha announced the timetable for a three-year transition to civilian rule. It is also the first indigenous language newspaper in Africa and it was established in Abeokuta, Ogun State by a Christian missionary, Rev. [62][54], Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. Some films and audio documentaries include: The 2009 thriller film The Figurine is generally considered the game changer, which heightened the media attention towards New Nigerian Cinema revolution. Forced marriages are common. When was Nigeria named Nigeria? Since the end of the civil war in 1970, some ethnic violence has persisted. While many international oil companies have operated there for decades, by 2014 most were making moves to divest their interests, citing a range of issues including oil theft. Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State How could we cancel history course from the syllabus of our education system? The Young Majors went into hiding. The FMG is neither very efficient nor dynamic, but the recent announcement that it intends to retain power for six more years has generated little opposition so far. Shortly afterwards the AG opposition leader, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, was imprisoned to be without foundation. Nigeria used part of its oil profits to pay the residual 40%, freeing up at least $1.15 billion annually for poverty reduction programmes. [6] Nigeria became a formally independent federation on October 1, 1960. In other words, the nation’s name was gotten from its longest river — River Niger. Nigeriasat-1 was part of the worldwide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System. Nigeria is trying to reach the Sustainable Development Goal Number 1, which is to end poverty in all its forms by 2030. Nigeria provides free, government-supported education, but attendance is not compulsory at any level, and certain groups, such as nomads and the handicapped, are under-served. Neither Abacha nor Abubakar lifted the decree suspending the 1979 constitution, and the 1989 constitution was not implemented. ), height: 54 cm (21.2 in. The median age in 2017 was 18.4 years. Southern Cameroons (since renamed by separatists as Ambazonia) opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while Northern Cameroons chose to join Nigeria. The mai (king) of Kanem and his court accepted Islam in the 11th century, as the western empires also had done. Hundreds of ethnic Hausa were killed in reprisal attacks in south-eastern Nigeria. This is one of the world's largest river deltas, and the location of a large area of Central African mangroves. The 1965 national election produced a major realignment of politics and a disputed result that set the country on the path to civil war. Their capital city was situated about 100 km north of present-day Oyo. In a national television address in 2007, he added that if Nigerians did not like the victory of his handpicked successor, they would have an opportunity to vote again in four years. Some Fulbe converted to Islam as early as the 11th century and settled among the Hausa, from whom they became racially indistinguishable. Lagos is the most populous city in the country and the African continent, as well as one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world. Nigeria retains membership in the Non-Aligned Movement. Almost immediately, the revenues from oil began to make Nigeria a wealthy nation. [67] All five parties won representation in the National Assembly. Capital: Abuja has been the capital of Nigeria since December 12, 1991. It currently has an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company, Innoson Motors, which manufactures saloon cars, rapid transit buses, ambulances, firefighting trucks and SUVs. There are 521 languages that have been spoken in Nigeria; nine of them are now extinct. In the 11th-century, the conquests initiated by Gijimasu of Kano culminated in the birth of the first united Hausa Nation under Queen Amina, the Sultana of Zazzau but severe rivalries between the states led to periods of domination by major powers like the Songhai, Kanem and the Fulani. [260][261] In May 2014 Benin, Chad, Cameroon and Niger joined Nigeria in a united effort to combat Boko Haram in the aftermath of the 2014 Chibok kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls. [75] The coup in July 1975, led by Generals Shehu Musa Yar'Adua and Joseph Garba ousted Gowon,[76] who fled to Britain. [20][21] Iron smelting furnaces at Taruga, a Nok site, date from around 600 BC. [66], The U.S. analysts said that "...Nigeria is still very much a tribal society..." where local and tribal alliances count more than "national attachment. [151] Fiscal year 2016 was characterized by currency depreciation and the attendant higher prices of petroleum products, electricity, and imported foods pushed inflation to 18.55% in December 2016 from 9.55% in December 2015. Car manufacturing (for the French car manufacturer Peugeot as well as for the English truck manufacturer Bedford, now a subsidiary of General Motors), T-shirts, plastics and processed food. ", "World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk", "Nok Terracottas (500 B.C.–200 A.D.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art", "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja", "Nigeria: A Country Study – The Slave Trade", "Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500", "Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al", "Ruling party named winner in disputed Nigerian election", "Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan sworn in as president", "National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President", "Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election", "Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins", "Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat", "APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat", "Anyaoku Praises Jonathan For Conceding Defeat", "Buhari beats Atiku to secure re-election as Nigeria president", "Legislation and the Electoral Process: The Third Term Agenda and the Future of Nigerian Democracy", "Nigeria has lost $400bn oil revenue to corruption since Independence – Ezekwesili", "Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: The Realities of Regionalism", "Collins Edomaruse, how Obasanjo cut UK, US to size", "Egbe Omo Yoruba, National Association of Yoruba descendants in North America", "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? The first slave-trading post used by the British and Portuguese was Badagry, a coastal harbour. In a move towards greater autonomy to minority ethnic groups, the military divided the four regions into 12 states. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. As Africa's most populated country, Nigeria has repositioned its military as a peacekeeping force on the continent. In subsequent attempts to reconvene the Western parliament, similar disturbances broke out. But nowadays with more education available to the public, Nigerian women are taking steps to have more active roles in the public, and with the help of different initiatives, more businesses are being started by women. Throughout the 16th-century much of northern Nigeria paid homage to Songhai in the west or to Borno, a rival empire in the east. The case, which was confirmed on the 27th of February 2020, is the first case to be reported in Nigeria since the beginning of the outbreak in China in January 2020. [212] Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution. Lagos has a variety of hotels ranging from three-star to five-star hotels, with a mixture of local hotels such as Eko Hotels and Suites, Federal Palace Hotel and franchises of multinational chains such as Intercontinental Hotel, Sheraton, and Four Points by Hilton. The bill also punishes the "public show of same-sex amorous relationships directly or indirectly" with ten years in prison. Gradually Borno's position weakened; its inability to check political rivalries between competing Hausa cities was one example of this decline. [292][293] By 2016, this record was held by The Wedding Party, a film by Kemi Adetiba. From 1959 to 1960, Jaja Wachuku was the First Nigerian Speaker of the Nigerian Parliament, also called the "House of Representatives." Most slave ships that transported slaves from Calabar were English, and around 85% of these ships being from Bristol and Liverpool merchants. Consistent with the rise of Nigeria as an increasingly dangerous hot spot, 28 of the 30 seafarers kidnapped globally between January and June 2013 were in Nigeria. But the elections were marred by violence and allegations of widespread vote rigging and electoral malfeasance led to legal battles over the results. The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded according to the Bayajidda legend by the six sons of Bawo, the unique son of the hero and the queen Magajiya Daurama in addition to the hero's son, Biram or Ibrahim, of an earlier marriage. Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s, and maintains membership in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which it joined in July 1971. The largest, Millennium Park, was designed by architect Manfredi Nicoletti and officially opened in December 2003. It was coordinated by key officers of the Nigerian military and led to the overthrow of the Second Nigerian Republic and the installation of Major General Muhammadu Buhari as Head of State. It was based on the Chinese DFH-4 satellite bus, and carries a variety of transponders: four C-band; fourteen Ku-band; eight Ka-band; and two L-band. [68] Another sudden rise in the price of oil in 1979 to $19 per barrel occurred as a result of the lead up to the Iran–Iraq War. All of the Nok statues are very stylized and similar in that they have arched eyebrows with a triangular eyes and perforated pupils. The official population count of each of Nigeria's ethnicities has always remained controversial and disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the census is rigged to give a particular group (usually believed to be northern groups) numerical superiority.[131][201][202]. Much use was made of oral history and throughout the school took a strongly interdisciplinary approach to gather information. [300] Boxing is also an important sport in Nigeria; Dick Tiger and Samuel Peter are both former World Champions. [15], The Nok culture thrived from approximately 1,500 BC to about 200 AD on the Jos Plateau in north and central Nigeria and produced life-sized terracotta figures that include human heads, human figures, and animals. In 2010, thousands of people were inadvertently exposed to lead-containing soil / ore from informal gold mining within the northern state of Zamfara. This name was coined on January 8, 1897, by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Lord Lugard, a British colonial administrator. The festivals provide entertainment of dance and song to add excitement to travelers during a stay in Lagos. Efforts to eliminate or control these religious leaders only heightened the tensions, setting the stage for jihad. Most of Nigeria's oil fields are small and scattered, and as of 1990, these small fields accounted for 62.1% of all Nigerian production. By the middle of the 20th century, a great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as the leader of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), the country's new ruling body. Nigeria poverty rates have gone down significantly in the last few years, because of economic growth. The school was characterised by its overt Nigerian nationalism and it was geared towards forging a Nigerian identity through publicizing the glories of pre-colonial history. These include the Redeemed Christian Church of God, Winners' Chapel, Christ Apostolic Church (the first Aladura Movement in Nigeria), Living Faith Church Worldwide, Deeper Christian Life Ministry, Evangelical Church of West Africa, Mountain of Fire and Miracles, Christ Embassy, Lord's Chosen Charismatic Revival Movement, Celestial Church of Christ, and Dominion City. [182] The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat-1 were: to give early warning signals of environmental disaster; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria; to assist in demographic planning; to establish the relationship between malaria vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders. [236], In 2012, a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia, lymphoma, or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving bone marrow transplant, which cures them of their conditions. x. Candidates with a minimum of Merit Pass in National Certificate of Education (NCE), National Diploma (ND) and other Advanced Level Certificates minimum qualifications with a minimum of 5O/L Credits are given direct entry admission into the appropriate undergraduate degree programs. General Mohammed replaced thousands of civil servants and announced a timetable for the resumption of civilian rule by 1 October 1979. [247] On lower levels of society, there are the "area boys", organised gangs mostly active in Lagos who specialise in mugging and small-scale drug dealing. Although promising restoration of civilian rule he refused to announce a transitional timetable until 1995. [288] JuJu music, which is percussion music fused with traditional music from the Yoruba nation and made famous by King Sunny Adé, is from Nigeria. The Kano Chronicle highlights an ancient history dating to around 999 AD of the Hausa Sahelian city-state of Kano, with other major Hausa cities (or Hausa Bakwai) of: Daura, Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Zazzau, Rano, and Gobir all having recorded histories dating back to the 10th century. Fuji music, a Yoruba percussion style, was created and popularised by Mr. Fuji, Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister. Additional sanctions were imposed as a result of Nigeria's failure to gain full certification for its counter-narcotics efforts. "The petroleum industry is expanding faster than expected and oil revenues will help defray military and social service expenditures... "Nigeria emerged from the war with a heightened sense of national pride mixed with an anti-foreign sentiment, and an intention to play a larger role in African and world affairs." [165] Nigeria's ICT sector has experienced a lot of growth, representing 10% of the nation's GDP in 2018 as compared to just 1% in 2001. Christopher Hart, "The Nigerian elections of 1983.". In the 14th century, however, dynastic conflict forced the then-ruling group and its followers to relocate in Borno, whereas a result the Kanuri emerged as an ethnic group in the late 14th and 15th centuries. [242] The government has majority control of university education. In the historic 12 June 1993 presidential elections, which most observers deemed to be Nigeria's fairest, early returns indicated that wealthy Yoruba businessman M. K. O. Abiola won a decisive victory. The neighboring Awka city-state rose in power as a result of their powerful Agbala oracle and metalworking expertise. It is comparable in size to Venezuela, and is about twice the size of the U.S. state of California. [35][36] He has been characterized as having first given societal order to the people of Anambra. [303], Nigeria made history by qualifying the first bobsled team for the Winter Olympics from Africa when their women's two-person team qualified for the bobsled competition at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games in Pyeongchang, South Korea. In 1994 the government set up the Ogoni Civil Disturbances Special Tribunal to try Ogoni activist Ken Saro-Wiwa and others for their alleged roles in the killings of four Ogoni politicians. Each king traces his origin back to the founding ancestor, Eri. In May 1999 violence erupted in Kaduna State over the succession of an Emir resulting in more than 100 deaths. [65], Following the civil war, the country turned to the task of economic development. The case is an Italian citizen who works in Nigeria and returned from Milan, Italy to Lagos, Nigeria on the 25th of February 2020. NigeriaEduSat-1 was a satellite designed, built, and owned by the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), in conjunction with Nigeria's National Space Research and Development Agency and Japan's Kyushu Institute of Technology. [173][174][175], Nigeria in recent years has been embracing industrialisation. The Atlantic slave trade was engaged in by European companies until it was outlawed in 1807. Previously, the capital a previously counted 61% of the population living in poverty in 2012. [47][48] Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. Songhai collapsed in 1591 when a Moroccan army conquered Gao and Timbuktu. Upon independence, it was widely expected that Ahmadu Bello the Sardauna of Sokoto, the undisputed strong man in Nigeria[54] who controlled the North, would become Prime Minister of the new Federation Government. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria's national basketball team made the headlines internationally when it qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics as it beat heavily favoured world elite teams such as Greece and Lithuania. [216] However, in a report released by Pew Research Center in 2015, the Muslim population was estimated to be 50%, and by 2060, according to the report, Muslims will account for about 60% of the country. The earliest known example of a fossil human skeleton found anywhere in West Africa, which is 13,000 years old, was found at Iwo-Eleru in Isarun, western Nigeria, and attests to the antiquity of habitation in the region. In the period before 1983 election, a report of experts prepared by the National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies showed that only the 1959 and 1979 elections were held without systematic rigging. [276] Most workers in the informal sector are women. This made inviting foreign scholars, subscribing to journals, and attending conferences vastly more expensive. [135] To the southwest of the Niger is "rugged" highland. [10] Nigeria first became a republic in 1963, but succumbed to military rule three years later, after a bloody coup d'état. Cotton grew readily in the great plains of these states, and they became the primary producers of cloth, weaving and dying it before sending it off in caravans to the other states within Hausaland and to extensive regions beyond. Most fateful for the Ironsi government was the decision to issue Decree No. [217], The 2010 census of Association of Religion Data Archives has also reported that 48.8% of the total population was Christian, slightly larger than the Muslim population of 43.4%, while 7.5% were members of other religions. [278] Women throughout the country were only politically emancipated in 1979. English as a first language is used by only a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. The British appointed Muhammadu Attahiru II as the new Caliph. According to this school of thought, the Romans discovered a land opposite the Mediterranean and named it after the Berber tribe residing within the Carnage area, presently referred to … Unlike the forest-bound Yoruba kingdoms, Oyo was in the savanna and drew its military strength from its cavalry forces, which established hegemony over the adjacent Nupe and the Borgu kingdoms and thereby developed trade routes farther to the north. He went on to win the elections, with the international media reporting the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections. While the hero had a child with the queen, Bawo, and another child with the queen's maid-servant, Karbagari.[27]. As Nigeria works out representational democracy, conflicts persist between the Executive and Legislative branches over appropriations and other proposed legislation. Islam dominates North Western (Hausa, Fulani and others) and a good portion of Northern Eastern (Kanuri, Fulani and other groups) Nigeria. This remnant became known as "Sokoto Sultanate Council". [57] By the time of its break-up in 1903 into various European colonies, the Sokoto Caliphate was one of the largest pre-colonial African states.[58]. Their history is reflected in the Bayajidda legend,[26] which describes the adventures of the Baghdadi hero Bayajidda culminating in the killing of the snake in the well of Daura and the marriage with the local queen magajiya Daurama. [268] 39% of girls are married before age 15, although the Marriage Rights Act banning marriage of girls below 18 years of age was introduced on a federal level in 2008. It contributed about 1.4% to Nigeria's economy; this was attributed to the increase in the number of quality films produced and more formal distribution methods. Abacha died of heart failure on 8 June 1998 and was replaced by General Abdulsalami Abubakar. Currently, Lagos is primarily known as a business-oriented and a fast-paced community. Since the late 1960s it has been based primarily on the petroleum industry. [30], Despite relatively constant growth, the Hausa states were vulnerable to aggression and, although the vast majority of its inhabitants were Muslim by the 16th century, they were attacked by Fulani jihadists from 1804 to 1808. [87], General Buhari was overthrown in 1985 military coup d'état led by General Ibrahim Babangida, who established the Armed Forces Ruling Council and became military president and commander in chief of the armed forces. The French spoken in Nigeria may be mixed with some native languages but is mostly spoken like the French spoken in Benin. [39] At least one historian puts Ìfikuánim's reign much later, around 1225.[40]. [153] Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria. Excavations in Ugwuele, Afikpo and Nsukka show evidence of long habitations as early as 6,000 BC. History. In November 1991, after a census was conducted, the National Electoral Commission (NEC) announced on 24 January 1992 that both legislative elections to a bicameral National Assembly and a presidential election would be held later that year. Fagg, "The Nok Culture in Prehistory", Abba Idris Adam, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio.
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